III.  Implementation of the Program

The implementation plan combines competitively selected research and education projects with complementary outreach, education and communications activities carried out by WSG staff. The latter activities are incorporated into and presented as integrated outreach actions.  A measure of venture capital is reserved for investment in higher risk activities (particularly in fields of emerging research), even though these activities may not fit into the five critical program areas or directly meet the prescribed measures of success.  WSG also manages activities that result from periodic state and special national competitions for research and outreach funds.  These special awards are folded into the implementation plan.

WSG projects and activities are often interdisciplinary in nature and may encompass more than one critical program area. In the following section, each project or activity has been assigned to one critical program area, but some may appear more than once.
Information on the principal investigator, lead staff member or WSG department are presented for each project or activity. Research descriptions also list the WSG project code and source of funding, if from a national competition.

The mix of research program areas, investigators, staff and disciplines has changed, sometimes radically, over WSG’s 38 years of serving Washington’s coasts. Similarly, outreach efforts have grown to place more emphasis on resource management, conservation and local involvement in watershed protection. Current areas of interest for WSG staff and faculty include improved ocean literacy and marine resource management tools, restoration and enhancement of stocks, and understanding different marine environments.

Living Marine Resources

GOAL 1:  Conservation of living marine resources to ensure that healthy populations are sustained into the future.

Objectives

  1. Develop an understanding of the interactions between living marine resources and their environment.
  2. Examine the impacts of climate change and other large-scale phenomena on populations of living marine resources, including impacts of human activities.
  3. Understand critical needs of stressed populations, including species listed under the Endangered Species Act, to protect them from further declines.
  4. Develop tools that enhance marine biodiversity and protect living resources, including models for marine stewardship and marine protected areas. 

Research Actions

  1. Climate-change effects on steelhead in North Pacific marine ecosystems
    Researchers will examine the linkage between fluctuations in the abundance of adult steelhead returning to Pacific Northwest rivers and climate effects on the steelheads’ ocean survival.  The research will employ retrospective analysis of data collected from 1955 to the present, shipboard process studies on steelhead diets and marine food webs, and computer mapping and simulations. Myers, R/F-160
  2. Environmental time series in marine mammal stock assessment models
    The current software for management of marine mammals is custom built and application requires understanding of the underlying mathematics and computer coding.  The project will develop user-friendly software with an option for incorporating environmental time series. Punt/Brandon, NMFS-Sea Grant Graduate Fellowship, E/I-10
  3. Genomic biomarkers to assess fish reproductive health
    Responding to significant changes in water quality in the Pacific Northwest, this project is designed to identify an array of genes that might serve as markers of exposure to environmental contaminants or conditions that could disrupt reproduction in salmon.  Researchers will compare the expression of gonadal genes during gametogenesis in healthy fish and fish that have been exposed to food restrictions, environmental estrogens, and hypoxia – factors to which salmon may be exposed when migrating through urban waterways and near shore. Cutting-edge molecular microarrays will provide bioassessment tools to evaluate relationships between specific conditions and contaminants and salmon reproductive health. Young, R/B-49
  4. Re-colonization of the upper Cedar River by anadromous salmonids
    This project will use DNA parentage techniques to assess the recolonization and breeding success of coho and Chinook salmon in the upper Cedar River system, recently reopened habitat due to dam modifications in 2003. The research will build on Cedar River data collected since 2003 to test general hypothesis regarding natural and human-assisted population expansion in anadromous salmonids. This is timely research, given dam modifications and removals; results will provide information to managers regarding mechanisms behind successes and failures of re-colonization efforts. Quinn, R/F-159

Outreach Actions

  1. Supporting recovery of depleted species
    • Work with local governments, tribes and community organizations to develop and implement education and outreach activities related to depleted salmon, groundfish and other marine species. King, Brennan, Adams
    • Disseminate written materials on salmon recovery and watershed restoration. MAS, Communications
    • Serve on technical review committees of Hood Canal and East Kitsap County salmon recovery lead entities. King, Adams
    • Serve on state technical review panels and provide technical assistance on restoration projects. Brennan
    • Provide technical assistance to local decision-makers, neighborhood groups and watershed councils on how to implement stormwater best management practices. MAS
    • Work with marine resource committees and local governments in northern Puget Sound to support nearshore habitat protection and restoration for endangered salmon and other living marine resources. Broadhurst
    • Provide technical assistance on revision and updates of city and county critical areas ordinances throughout Puget Sound. Brennan

GOAL 2:  Provide for the sustainable harvest of fish and other living marine resources.

Objectives 

  1. Develop reliable tools for identifying and describing stocks of living marine resources, interactions among stocks, and interactions of stocks with the environment.
  2. Develop tools to minimize the accidental capture of fish and wildlife during commercial and recreational harvests and communicate these developments to user groups and the public.
  3. Work with industry, public agencies and the tribes to improve the quality and safety of seafood products and to alleviate human health concerns from exposure to marine products and the marine environment.
  4. Support the management of living marine resources through the development of alternative management strategies, models and tools that support ecosystem management.
  5. Work with stakeholders and constituents to develop tools to minimize resource conflicts among users.

Research Actions

  1. Impact of marine protected areas on stock assessment-based management
    The project evaluates the performance of standard stock assessment methods applied to data for systems in which a marine protected area (MPA) exists.  It will assess the ability of modified stock assessment methods that recognize MPAs to reduce bias and evaluate integration of MPAs with catch regulations to achieve management objectives.  Punt, R/ES-51
  2. A spatially-explicit, multi-species assessment of Bering Sea walleye pollock
    The Bering Sea snow crab population has declined and recolonization of the southern extent of the snow crab’s range may be affected by high rates of cod predation on newly settled snow crab recruits. The project estimates snow crab demographic and predation pressure parameters from annual NMFS groundfish trawl surveys, harvest data from Alaska Department of Fish and Game and NMFS stomach-content data.  It will examine size ranges of snow crab consumed by multiple predator size classes and develop estimates of local spatial and temporal variation in predator intensity. Essington/Murphy, NMFS-Sea Grant Graduate Fellowship, E/I-8
  3. Larval rockfish dispersal rates from oceanography, genetics, otolith marks
    The project goal is to improve the scientific basis of MPA design by understanding larval dispersal dynamics of rockfish from an artificial reef in Puget Sound. Parental identity of larvae will be determined by genetic analysis and induced strontium marking of otoliths. These data will be combined with simulated drift trajectories to understand and predict rockfish larval dispersal. Research results will be important for understanding the effectiveness of MPAs and the ability of isolated MPAs to maintain sufficient recruitment to benefit marine populations on a wider scale. Hauser, R/F-161

Outreach Actions

  1. Reducing seabird mortality in fisheries
    • Publish and publicize results of multi-year research program exploring effectiveness of integrated weight longlines as a seabird avoidance measure in demersal longline fisheries. Post technical information about gear configurations and mitigation best management practices on the WSG Web site.  Melvin, Dietrich, Communications
    • Make regulatory recommendations to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. Melvin, Dietrich
    • Continue work with Pollock Conservation Cooperative and other sectors of the Alaska trawl industry to develop and test seabird avoidance technologies specific to trawl fisheries. Melvin, Dietrich
    • Foster the continuation and expansion of seabird data collection in the course of fish stock assessments surveys. Melvin, Dietrich
    • Continue to develop seabird avoidance alternatives for small vessels, as appropriate, in collaboration with the Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program. Melvin, Dietrich
    • In the international arena, seek funding to expand mitigation research to pelagic longline fisheries and continue efforts to facilitate adoption of seabird bycatch mitigation technologies globally. Melvin, Dietrich
    • Organize workshops and other outreach activities targeting U.S. and international fishers, researchers and regulators. Create documents and other  information products about seabird mitigation gear and practices and distribute them to Alaska and other fishing industry associations. Melvin, Dietrich, Communications
  2. Providing seafood safety training and education
    • Provide training programs in sustainable seafood management, marketing and handling techniques for seafood retailers. Harbell
    • Develop quality control programs for commercial fishermen along the coast. Fisken, Harbell
    • Work with Extension and Family Living agents, the Family Nutrition Education Program, and Mid-Pacific 4-H Cluster Food Safety agents on consumer seafood education. Harbell
    • Produce radio show features on consumer seafood education. Harbell
    • Provide Whole Foods Markets with new seafood training programs for employees, beginning in 2006.  Seek media coverage and look for opportunities to expand this program to other retail chain stores. Granger, Harbell, Fisken, Communications
    • Increase distribution of existing publications that provide information about seafood safety and reformat publications for inclusion on the WSG Web site. Communications

GOAL 3:  Restoration and enhancement of natural and cultured stocks of fish and shellfish to support biodiversity and sustainable use.

Objectives

  1. Participate in planning and education efforts that protect and restore marine resources from contamination, loss of habitat, overharvesting and threats from aquatic invasive species, in cooperation with state, local and tribal authorities and the shellfish industry.
  2. Identify and develop tools that mitigate the effects of disease on wild and cultured stocks of fish and shellfish.
  3. Develop improved analytical capabilities, management tools and models that contribute to the recovery of depleted stocks and communities of living marine resources, and for evaluating restoration and recovery efforts.

Research Actions

  1. Culturing native marine shellfish — effect of geoduck life history parameters
    This research focuses on the dynamics and potential effects of interactions between cultured and wild populations of geoduck clams. Geoduck aquaculture is proliferating proximate to wild clam populations that provide vital ecosystem services and are a $20 million state fishery. In addition, Washington appears to be poised to release leases of public tidelands for geoduck farming. The study will characterize genetic differences between cultured and wild geoducks, examine cultured specimens for evidence of spawning and measure reproductive and life history parameters of wild and cultured geoducks. Results will enable state and tribal resource managers to proactively manage wild geoduck stocks for  sustainability. Friedman, R/A-85
  2. Pilot water depuration process for Vibrio in Gulf Coast oysters
    Depuration has a long history as a post-harvest treatment process for reducing microbial contamination in shellfish. However, as applied to date, this approach to purging shellfish of bacterial and viral contamination has been ineffective in reducing levels of Vibrio bacteria, which can cause a number of diseases, including cholera. This study will develop and evaluate an electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water depuration process to increase the quality, shelf-life and safety of raw oysters for consumption. Cheney/Elston, Gulf of Mexico Oyster Industry Program, R/F-155
  3. Pathogenesis and transmission of oyster herpes virus
    The ability to produce, transport and market healthy disease-free shellfish is crucial to the success of the U.S. oyster industry. The appearance of herpes-like viral infections in oyster stocks is threatening the industry and has jeopardized the existing international market for oyster seed. For this project, team members will devise reliable diagnostic methods for oyster herpes.  The differential susceptibility of several oyster species to herpes-like viruses will be evaluated and
    techniques for identifying infected stocks, as well as maintaining and storing cultures of the virus, will be examined. Friedman, Oyster Disease Research Program, R/F-157
  4. Tools to remediate summer mortality disease losses in Pacific oysters
    Pacific oyster summer mortalities are recurring problems internationally and in Washington.  The project continues Sea Grant-funded research to create summer mortality-resistant stocks, guide broodstock breeding based on reproductive traits and develop broodstock and culture management tools to reduce mortalities during grow-out.  Friedman/Cheney, Oyster Disease Research Program, R/F-154
  5. Genomic regions underlying adaptive divergence in Chinook salmon
    The study proposes to identify the genes that underlie the adaptive divergence of life-history traits among Chinook salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest. Researchers will identify genome regions associated with timing in different Chinook runs that are locally adapted to their natal streams.  Results will provide a new tool for measuring the genetic diversity of evolutionarily important traits, providing a mechanism for conservation programs aimed at protecting this diversity. Naish, R/B-51
  6. Re-colonization of the upper Cedar River by anadromous salmonids
    Quinn, R/F-159 (See under Living Marine Resources section, Goal 1)
  7. Populations and spatial dynamics of endangered North Pacific whales
    The project will develop modeling frameworks to examine the contributions of stochasticity, depensation and density-dependent habitat selection to marine mammal populations.  The frameworks will be applied to data on western gray whales and Sea of Okhotsk bowhead whales to evaluate the potential for recovery among these whales.  VanBlaricom/Bradford, NMFS-Sea Grant Graduate Fellowship, E/I-13

Outreach Actions

  1. Supporting sustainable shellfish aquaculture
    • Support applied research on shellfish culture impacts in Willapa Bay, Grays Harbor and elsewhere and assist with outreach. Harbell
    • Support economic assessment of the shellfish industry. MAS
    • Facilitate communications and interactions among university, industry and government. MAS, Communications
    • Participate through board membership in the Pacific Aquaculture Caucus, Pacific Shellfish Institute and Washington Fish Growers Association. Granger
    • Continue to host and promote the Annual Shellfish Growers Conference series, attended by the major West Coast shellfish companies, by providing publicity, producing communications materials and making information prominent on the WSG Web site. King, Communications
    • Serve on the Western Regional Aquaculture Center’s technical committee, the University of Idaho/Washington State University Aquaculture Initiative Proposal screening committee and the Burrowing Shrimp Control Project. Harbell
    • Work with small-scale shellfish farming industry on water quality issues. King
    • Initiate work on a publication about small-scale geoduck farming for distribution through the industry and federal, state and local governments. Communications, King
    • Publicize and promote best management practices in the aquaculture industry, building upon previous Best Practices for Fish Farming and Key Issues in Aquaculture projects and exploring opportunities to produce a similar publication, with a Web component, for shellfish best management practices. Communications, MAS

Ecosystem Health

GOAL 1:  Understand the coastal, estuarine and marine environment of Washington state and the Pacific Northwest and improve the management of coastal marine resources.

Objectives

  1. Describe the coastal and estuarine environment through research studies and assessments, to better understand interactions of marine resources and their environment.
  2. Develop models of coastal and estuarine systems to develop better management tools and to better understand the impacts of human activities, including exploitation and conservation of resources.
  3. Develop environmental indicators and evaluation criteria for management of the coastal ecosystems of Puget Sound and the Washington coast.
  4. Develop information and models that assist in management of Pacific Northwest  ecosystems, including alternative management approaches, and make results of estuarine and coastal research accessible and useful for resource managers and the public.

Research Actions

  1. Glass sponge reef habitat in the Pacific Northwest
    The project will characterize the spatial extent, environmental damage and viability of recently identified sponge reefs near Grays Canyon, off the outer coast of Washington. Sponge reefs in other regions provide rich and complex habitat for non-sponge fauna, including commercial species of rockfish and prawns, and are expected to serve a similarly important role in the marine ecology of the Washington shelf. Methods include scanning, use of deep-tow cameras, bottom sampling and monitoring of oceanographic variables. Results will include reef population characterizations (sponge and non-sponge organisms), population estimates and maps. In addition, trawl-damaged reef areas will be identified and compared to pristine areas. Johnson, R/NP-6
  2. Scales of residence-time variation in Northwest estuaries
    This research will determine the patterns of flushing and retention (or residence time) in two Washington estuaries, and their impacts on nutrient loading, plankton distribution and oyster growth.  Investigators will use novel high-resolution modeling technology and data from field studies, including measurements of oyster growth and environmental and biological conditions in the estuaries. Understanding residence time will allow for predictions of the retention of harmful pollutants and beneficial larvae of fished species, as well as the influx of material that supports the carrying capacity for natural populations and aquaculture within the estuaries. Ruesink, R/ES-67

Outreach Actions

  1. Improving public understanding of Pacific Northwest ecosystems
    • Produce materials for property owners, media and public on improved shoreline management and low-impact development practices. Develop products to communicate best available science for policy, regulatory, volunteer and education programs. Communications, MAS
    • Sponsor or co-sponsor a boat tour of Elliott Bay in summer 2007 or 2008 for the Northwest Science Writers Association, with MAS staff on hand to point out development practices that both help and hurt nearshore marine habitat. Communications

GOAL 2:  Protect the integrity of marine, coastal and estuarine habitats from the effects of physical alteration, with particular emphasis on nearshore habitats.

Objectives

  1. Describe the extent and condition of estuarine and coastal habitats, and the impacts of physical alteration. 
  2. Develop tools and techniques to understand and improve the efficacy of habitat restoration and to characterize, protect and enhance critical habitat for endangered species.
  3. Provide access to new habitat restoration and enhancement tools and techniques, as well as inventories of estuarine and coastal habitats for resource managers.

Research Actions

  1. Elwha Dam removal baseline study
    The project conducts baseline studies that will be used to test the behavior of sediment flows after two dams on the Elwha River are removed. Researchers will characterize the current seabed and water column dynamics, estimate the impacts of the upcoming high-discharge events and determine the optimal sampling regime for the period of dam removal. The project will leverage National Science Foundation funding for research during the dam removals, to further understanding of the fate of sediment discharged in large floods — an elusive phenomenon that affects the distribution of materials in the ocean. The project also will be incorporated into graduate and undergraduate courses in Oceanography at the UW. Ogston, R/ES-65
  2. Puget Sound ambient noise and marine mammals
    The impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammal populations is not well understood. This project will focus on the impact of noise on Southern Resident Killer Whales, listed as endangered under federal law.  It will involve a pilot study of the ambient noise environment at a site in northern Puget Sound, using a well-calibrated omnidirectional hydrophone. Results will improve understanding of the physical properties of underwater noise, determine how properties change over time in response to natural and anthropogenic contributions and suggest improved sound metrics for management of marine mammal populations in Puget Sound. Dahl
  3. Integrating intertidal habitat into Seattle waterfront seawalls
    This applied research project will experimentally assess the ecological benefits of incorporating engineered complex intertidal habitats into vertical seawalls along the shoreline of Seattle. Habitat panels and troughs will be deployed, providing variable substrate characteristics and habitat complexity. Associated invertebrates, algae and fishes will be surveyed. Results will inform use of habitat features in the upcoming reconstruction of the Seattle seawall and similar structures in the aquatic environment. Simenstad/Cordell, R/ES-66

Outreach Actions

  1. Restoring marine habitat and shorelines
    • Seek partnerships within universities and among federal and state agencies to continue development of state outreach programs on nearshore and marine habitats. Brennan
    • Serve on technical advisory committees working on nearshore marine planning, policy, regulatory and education programs; facilitate creation of a Sound-wide marine riparian technical committee. Brennan, Communications
    • Conduct education events and on-site assessments for shoreline property owners and public agencies on improved shoreline management and low-impact development practices. Brennan, King, Adams
    • Work with the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Program (PSNERP) to finalize ecosystem white papers. Brennan
    • Work one-on-one with shoreline property owners to plan and implement restoration projects through King County Conservation District and other county jurisdictions. Brennan
    • Work with local agencies, non-profit organizations and the media to foster and gain public recognition for volunteer nearshore monitoring programs in Kitsap and Mason Counties. Adams, King, Communication
    • With assistance from Washington State University, create and distribute a Marine Revegetation Guide for Shoreline Homeowners, with an illustrated CD-ROM of native shoreline plants commonly used for landscaping purposes. Communications, King, Brennan
    • Continue to conduct Kitsap Salmon Tours. Adams

GOAL 3:  Protect the marine environment of coastal Washington from contamination due to human activities and periodic natural disruptive events.

Objectives

  1. Identify and promote solutions to the impacts of biological and chemical contamination in nearshore waters and on resource populations.
  2. Develop better assessment capabilities, analytical techniques and models to address current and emerging water quality concerns.
  3. Investigate the causes and management of Harmful Algal Blooms to ensure the health of the ecosystem and to protect public safety.

Research Actions

  1. Use of F+ RNA Coliphage to determine fecal source type in Oakland Bay
    The project uses the latest molecular techniques to identify sources of fecal bacteria that have closed shellfish beds in Oakland Bay.  This closure has created local controversy among tribes, homeowners and the shellfish industry.  The project will replace current uncertainty with science-based information to help the community uncover the source of a problem that is causing substantial environmental and economic distress.  Meschke, R/A-84
  2. Slick forming algae: Growth, genetics and toxicity
    The project will examine the functional biology of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs).  It will employ innovative genetic techniques to determine whether algal genotype affects slick formation, plus other laboratory tank experiments to assess how slick formation affects growth rate and toxicity of algal cells in a bloom. The research will provide a reference database for analyzing additional harmful algal taxa and a set of molecular probes for measuring gene expression in such taxa. Results will provide practical information to managers of coastal systems where HABs occur. Cattolico, R/B-48
  3. HAB formation by a motile alga in dynamic estuarine environments
    The project will develop ability to predict the location, timing and severity of highly localized HABs and to identify algal strains likely to have major ecological impacts. Laboratory and modeling techniques will be used to study algal cell motility critical to the formation of slicks, and changes in this motility relative to variability in algal characteristic and water flow dynamics. These results will be interpreted with geophysical environmental models to identify conditions favoring bloom formation, providing important predictive tools for identifying species and bloom conditions posing the largest economic and ecological risks. Grünbaum, R/B-52

Outreach Actions

  1. Reducing nonpoint source pollution and protecting water quality
    • Develop materials and provide technical assistance, coordination and education and information programs to local decision-makers, health districts, community groups, homeowners and on-site sewage system industry members. King, Communications
    • Publicize and conduct workshops for Hood Canal waterfront property owners about environmentally sound landscaping practices and septic system maintenance. King, Communications
    • In cooperation with the Puget Sound Action Team, implement practical measures for use by local residents in protecting Hood Canal. King
    • Participate in Annas Bay and Oakland Bay remediation projects, serve as Total Maximum Daily Loads technical advisor in other bays and inlets in south Puget Sound and assist in the statewide working group on nonpoint source pollution through the Department of Ecology. King
    • Assist tideland owners to monitor shellfish tissue for levels of contamination. King
    • Conduct public forums and develop written and audio-visual materials on shellfish protection and restoration. King, Communications
    • Work with appropriate news media to provide information on WSG’s nutrient and pathogen reduction efforts. Communications, King, Harbell
  2. Preventing small oil spills
    • Continue coordination with the Pacific Coast Congress of Harbormasters and Port Managers and other public agencies, environmental groups, private businesses and marina operators to develop effective educational materials and workshops with a consistent spill prevention message. Olsson, Communications
    • Coordinate quarterly meetings of the Pacific Oil Spill Prevention Education Team, a group of oil spill prevention education specialists from British Columbia, California, Oregon and Washington that provides a mechanism to mobilize expertise and resources to address regional problems. Olsson
    • Coordinate and serve as inspection resource for the “Clean Marina” program in western Washington, in conjunction with International Marina Institute. Olsson
    • Work with University of Alaska to develop a Distance-Learning Module for Oil Spill Prevention and develop a marketing strategy with WSG Communications, for inclusion on WSG Web site. Olsson
    • Provide oil spill education programs at MAS-sponsored vessel safety seminars. Olsson
    • In conjunction with Puget Sound Action Team, secure funding for a study documenting the extent of small spills in Puget Sound. Granger, Olsson
    • Produce materials and provide oil spill prevention and preparedness training for the Puget Sound shellfish industry. Olsson, Communications

GOAL 4:  Minimize the introduction of non-indigenous species and manage for established populations of aquatic invasive species. 

Objectives

  1. Understand the invasion potential and critical pathways for the introduction of non-indigenous species that are most likely to become aquatic invasive species.
  2. Develop tools and techniques to understand the impact of ballast water introductions to coastal waters from coast-wide and overseas shipping.
  3. Minimize the introduction of non-indigenous species through education and training.

Research Actions

  1. Invasive predator impacts on a threatened native oyster
    The project examines the impacts of the Japanese oyster drill on native Olympia oyster populations.  The Olympia oyster has suffered major declines with little recovery, and drill predation may be one factor.  Funded through the national aquatic invasive species competition, the project examines patterns of variation in drill impacts on Olympia oysters.  It will test the hypothesis that such impacts decline on a per-oyster basis as oyster populations increase.  The resulting understanding of predator-prey dynamics could help set priorities for drill control and identify thresholds for oyster recovery.  Ruesink, Aquatic Invasive Species Research Program, R/ES-62.
  2. Optimizing the effectiveness of a biocontrol agent against Spartina
    Two species of non-native Spartina cordgrass have invaded Washington’s estuaries, degrading shoreline habitats and altering sites for shellfish aquaculture.  To control the plants’ spread, the host-specific herbivorous insect Prokelisia marginata has been introduced into Spartina-infested areas. The project will compare the performance of four ecotypes of P. marginata to determine which is most effective as a biocontrol. The best-performing ecotype will made available to resource managers, landowners and school groups for use in the field.  The project will also quantify and document the impacts of P. marginata on Spartina in Willapa Bay and Puget Sound.  Through a series of field experiments, the project team will explore the feasibility of combining biocontrol measures with chemical and mechanical eradication strategies. Grevstad, Aquatic Invasive Species Research Program, R/ES-63

Outreach Actions

  1. Minimizing the spread of aquatic invasive species
    • Consult with and inform managers and decision-makers of the potential dangers of aquatic invasive species (AIS). MAS
    • Continue production and distribution of AIS information and work with user groups, including divers, recreational boaters and staff of biological supply houses, as frontlines for identifying AIS. Communications, Adams
    • Evaluate current strategy for production and distribution of AIS information and, based on that evaluation, continue to disseminate written materials and information to assist in educating the public about the dangers of AIS and consider launching a new campaign targeting divers. Communications, MAS
    • Assist in further development of Spartina control programs and outreach activities supporting an integrated pest management program designed to control burrowing shrimp in the Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay areas.  Harbell, Communications
  2. Developing effective ballast water controls
    • Develop and assess the efficacy of ballast water treatment methods. Herwig
    • Develop and employ sampling protocols for AIS and the ballast water of ships entering Puget Sound. Herwig
    • Develop outreach materials for the shipping industry and others on ballast water treatment, and work with the media to increase public awareness of ballast water issues. Herwig, Communications
    • Engage in regional collaboration with Oregon and California Sea Grant on ballast water and AIS issues. Herwig

New Technologies To Enhance Ocean Productivity

GOAL 1:  Create and apply molecular techniques to identify, extract and develop new products and processes.

Objectives

  1. Develop new products from marine organisms that have potential for commercial or therapeutic use.
  2. Identify, extract and examine the impacts of naturally occurring biotoxins.
  3. Investigate microbiological processes that promote cleanup and bioremediation of coastal environments.
  4. Support the dissemination of information on new molecular techniques and products among the research community and user groups. 

Research Actions

  1. Novel DNA-based larval quantification assay for Olympia oysters
    Native Olympia oyster populations in Puget Sound have declined dramatically over the past century and are now a state-listed species of concern.  Restoration projects to supplement and re-establish populations are hampered by limited knowledge of larval dispersal, partly due to the cost and technical difficulty of identifying bivalve larvae. This project will validate and test a cost-effective and rapid species-specific DNA-based assay to simultaneously identify and quantify Olympia oyster larvae in seawater samples. Friedman, R/F-158
  2. Recovery and performance of complex marine exopolymers in the cold
    The project will apply innovative technology to the non-destructive recovery of exopolymers produced by a marine bacterium that successfully inhabits sea-ice. These compounds provide a natural gelatinous buffer against changing environmental conditions, acting as cryoprotectants and enzyme stabilizers at subzero temperatures. Current extraction methods require harsh chemical procedures that fail to yield products that retain their native properties. The project methods will yield large exopolymers in a native configuration that may exhibit superior performance as stabilizers and cryoprotectants. A technological breakthrough would advance understanding of adaptations of sea-ice communities and have enormous potential for biotechnological applications, already demonstrated by a local biotech company partnership. Deming, R/B-50
  3. Slick forming algae: Growth, genetics and toxicity
    Cattolico, R/B-48 (See “Ecosystem Health,” Goal 3)

Outreach Actions

  1. Facilitating outreach on marine biotechnology products
    • Facilitate opportunities for investigators to explain their work to the lay public and to colleagues in the research community.  MAS, Communications
    • Support production of high-quality outreach products publicizing discoveries in the Pacific Northwest.  MAS, Communications 

GOAL 2:  Develop new technologies and tools to enhance the management of marine resources.

Objectives

  1. Develop new products and processes of commercial interest from marine resources.
  2. Support the development and use of improved technologies, including ocean observing systems and marine acoustics, to evaluate the abundance and condition of marine resources.
  3. Support research and outreach that furthers our understanding of weather, climate and other large-scale atmospheric and oceanic impacts.
  4. Develop and apply data products that enhance educational, recreational and commercial opportunities in coastal areas.

Research Actions

  1. Puget Sound ambient noise and marine mammals
     Dahl (See “Environmental Health,” Goal 2)

Outreach Actions

  1. Strengthening access to marine education materials
    • Research and catalogue locally accessible K-12 and informal marine education resources and opportunities. Education, MAS
    • Explore establishment of a Web-based clearinghouse of marine science contacts and opportunities (e.g., catalogue entries) by consulting with knowledgeable individuals to determine how such a resource would be created, funded and managed.  Education, Communications
  2. Developing effective ballast water controls
    Herwig (See “Environmental Health,” Goal 4)

GOAL 3:  Understand extreme marine environments, including the deep sea.

Objectives 

  1. Enhance leadership role in biological aspects of deep sea and polar regions.
  2. Encourage development of instrumentation that enhances our understanding of extreme environments.
  3. Support outreach efforts to disseminate information about extreme marine environments. 

Research Actions

  1. Recovery and performance of complex marine exopolymers in the cold
    Deming, R/B-50 (See “New Technologies,” Goal 1)

Outreach Actions

  1. Facilitating outreach on marine biotechnology products
    MAS, Communications (See “New Technologies,” Goal 1)

Economic and Community Development

GOAL 1:  Assist coastal communities to move towards ecologically and economically sustainable futures.

Objectives 

Research Actions

  1. Coastal community development
     This project will facilitate planning and adaptive management to address long-range coastal community needs, and to provide the best available information to community planning groups and coastal businesses.  Gaps in outreach and technical assistance in coastal planning will be addressed using three program components: (1) partnership between the Shoreline and Coastal Planners Group and Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve’s Coastal Training Program to conduct at least two workshops; (2) network of technical experts to support coastal planners and develop an efficient (e.g., Internet-based) mechanism for delivering technical assistance and coordination: and (3) one to three pilot projects (starting in year two) using a team of four to eight technical experts drawn from the network to support communities, local entities or businesses that identify a coastal planning issue for which technical assistance is needed.  Granger, E/T-CCDP-1
  2. California Current regional marine research plan
    Over the next 18 months, Sea Grant programs on the West Coast will collaborate to develop a regional marine research plan for the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem.  A planning team comprised of Sea Grant, state government and tribal representatives will direct the effort, which will include regional workshops and development of a Web-based forum for dialog and discussion of research priorities.  Wainstein/Dalton

Outreach Actions

  1. Managing coastal community development
    • Develop relationships with chambers of commerce, other business groups and local media in targeted coastal communities as conduits for WSG information. Communications
    • Produce materials, such as a fact sheet on sustainable tourism, that capture the attention of coastal tourists.  These materials can provide background information on specific sites and teach tourists about reducing their impacts on valuable resources. Communications
    • Work to convert years of research on coastal communities into user-friendly Web-based profiles, or “snapshots,” of handpicked, successfully revitalized coastal communities. MAS, Communications
    • Update, edit and distribute the 2002 report on Washington coastal tourism.  Communications, MAS
    • Work with Department of Ecology and Padilla Bay Estuarine Research Reserve’s Coastal Training Program to continue the Shoreline and Coastal Planners Group addressing topics relevant to emerging needs. Broadhurst
    • Assist local governments to use innovative planning approaches and achieve successful on-the-ground outcomes. MAS
    • Develop materials and conduct formal and informal educational programs, including focus groups in Jefferson County and other areas, for the public, planners, government agency representatives and professionals involved with nearshore marine education, outreach, management and policy development. Brennan
    • Assist in the coordination and implementation of monitoring programs and adaptive management to assure measurable success in education programs. Adams
  2. Restoring marine habitat and shorelines
    MAS (See “Ecosystem Health,” Goal 2)

GOAL 2:  Mitigate the impacts of coastal hazards and ecosystem change on coastal communities in the Pacific Northwest and beyond.

Objectives

  1. Develop tools and techniques to analyze the impacts of environmental change and coastal hazards.
  2. Disseminate information on mitigation of coastal hazards to state, tribal and local governments and stakeholders in Washington state, in order to reduce the vulnerability of local communities to these hazards’ effects.

Outreach Actions

  1. Raising awareness of coastal hazards
    • Support NOAA’s Coastal Storms Initiative, a national program designed to make the coasts safe, sustainable and economically viable.  Communications
    • As winter storm season approaches, initiate media contacts in coastal communities and provide tips about preparing for storms and their consequences. Make information available on the WSG Web site.  Communications

GOAL 3:  Enhance the capacity of coastal industries to adapt to and prosper in the changing economic and regulatory environments of the Pacific Northwest.

Objectives

  1. Develop and disseminate information and tools to help marine industries enhance their efficiency, productivity and sustainability.
  2. Work cooperatively with agencies and industry to address issues adversely affecting the future of marine industries.
  3. Develop partnerships to facilitate resolution of conflicts among marine resource users.

Outreach Actions

  1. Providing commercial fisheries with trade and marketing assistance
    • Continue to work with the Fishermen’s Wharf project in Bellingham and direct sales at Fishermen’s Terminal in Seattle and investigate similar projects in other Washington fishing ports to help local fishermen market their catch at higher prices. Provide marketing and media resources to increase consumer awareness, participation and support. Granger, Fisken, Communications
    • Deliver U.S. Department of Agriculture-funded Intensive Technical Training program to qualified salmon fishermen in Washington, Oregon and Alaska – including development of financial and marketing materials in conjunction with Alaska Sea Grant, training workshops at Pacific Marine Expo in Seattle,  one-on-one training with individual fishermen and other venues. Granger, Harbell, Fisken
    • Continue to co-sponsor the Wild Seafood Exchange event with Fishermen’s News each year to bring together fishermen presently direct-marketing their catches and those who wish to do so in the future. Granger
    • Conduct technical training workshops on such topics as marine refrigeration, corrosion, shaft alignment, diesel engine trouble-shooting, computers and navigation, rules of the road, advanced coastal navigation and direct-marketing. Fisken
    • Develop fact sheets, handouts and other educational materials for commercial fishermen. MAS
  2. Tracking retail boat sales
    • Provide monthly, quarterly and annual boat sales reports for posting on Northwest Marine Trade Association’s Web site.Wainstein
  3. Making commercial fishing vessels safer
    • Conduct commercial fishing vessel safety courses and workshops, including on-board sessions for crewmembers, to provide emergency preparedness skills and technical training that will help fishermen comply with federal commercial fishing vessel safety requirements.  These courses will target tribal as well as non-tribal fishermen. Fisken, Harbell, Olsson
    • Conduct annual certified First Aid/CPR training courses for commercial fishing captains and crew and recreational boaters.  Harbell, Fisken, Olsson
    • Educate tribal youth on coldwater safety, in specially designed workshops. Fisken, Harbell
  4. Maintaining crabber/towboat lane agreements
    • Hold a series of workshops and meetings for commercial fishermen in California, Oregon and Washington, along with representatives of the 18 towboat companies and bar pilots operating on the West Coast. Harbell
    • Evaluate the need for changes in charts, based on improved tug and barge operations and increased fishing areas. Reach a consensus decision on any proposed changes to lanes and modify charts accordingly. Harbell

Education, Training and Public Information

GOAL 1:  Maintain a highly trained workforce that sustains the vitality of the marine and coastal environment of Washington state and the nation.

Objectives

  1. Support graduate and undergraduate students and post-doctoral fellows at the university level.
  2. Support and promote fellowships, including the Sea Grant Dean John A. Knauss Marine Policy, Sea Grant-Industry, NMFS/Sea Grant Resource Economics,= and Population Dynamics and Coastal Management Fellowships. 
  3. Create a diversity of educational programs for users of Washington state's marine and coastal resources that encourages a sustainable environment, using appropriate tools and techniques, with an emphasis on emerging electronic technologies.
  4. Ensure that the WSG staff are current in their subject expertise and have the latest skills in the delivery of programs.

Research Actions

  1. Lummi perspectives - marine resource management and protected areas
    The project will facilitate collaboration between Lummi leaders and non-tribal marine policy makers to proactively develop a workable policy on marine protected areas in Puget Sound that reflects a Lummi perspective. The approach will be to design and carry out a joint University of Washington – Northwest Indian College course, developing social science skills in tribal and non-tribal students, as well as fostering institutional bridges between participating partners. Christie, E/ES-12

Outreach Actions

  1. Investing in students and postdoctoral fellows
    • Work with investigators to encourage student and postdoctoral participation in funded research projects. Education
    • Host an annual reception for all project investigators, students and postdoctoral fellows supported by Sea Grant funds. Education
    • Publish and distribute an informational brochure that details the depth and breadth of Sea Grant educational support. Education, Communications
    • Expand current WSG partnership with UW Undergraduate Capstone and Graduate Keystone projects. Education, MAS
    • Explore potential partnerships with other departments at UW, other universities and state vocational and higher education programs with marine programs or interests. Education
  2. Supporting fellowships, internships and scholarships
    • Annually recruit candidates for the Dean John A. Knauss Marine Policy Fellowship through information seminars and electronic notices and support successful fellows throughout their year in Washington DC. Education, Kassakian, Jacobs, Pendleton, Anderson
    • Annually, if available, recruit and support NMFS/Sea Grant, Coastal Management, and Industry fellows by working with Washington college faculties, regional NMFS investigators and industry executives and workers to develop opportunities for fellowship candidates, and support successful fellows during their tenure. Education, Jones, Murphy, Bradford
    • Develop engaging and informative materials to promote all fellowships, internships and scholarships, participate in meetings to advise prospective candidates on funded opportunities, and publicize the success of Washington students who receive fellowships. Education, Communications
    • Strengthen “Science Writing” internship program, through coordination and on-going support for undergraduate and graduate writing students. Establish an application process to facilitate recruitment and placement of selected students with appropriate staff members. Communications, Education
    • By 2008, establish, fund, promote and support at least one competitive nine-month fellowship for graduate students in marine science, law and policy to work in the Washington State Legislature and state executive branch agencies, and seek matching funds from appropriate partners to expand this state fellowship initiative. Education
    • If funding support is available, establish a traineeship program as outlined in NOAA’s Oceans and Human Health Initiative. Education
    • Promote and support UW students’ access to other fellowships and scholarships throughout the country, such as the Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship Program and The Great Lakes Commission Sea Grant Fellowship. Education
  3. Encouraging availability of diverse educational materials
    • Identify existing materials or create new ones that can be effective tools for marine educators and make these materials easily accessible and printable on the Web site. Communications, Education
    • Support conferences and workshops, training and public awareness activities through marketing, logistics, materials, signage, staffing and media outreach efforts. All
    • Continue to work at the university and college levels to support marketing programs and other efforts to reach users of the marine environment. Communications
  4. Strengthening the WSG workforce 
    • Provide in-service training and support for staff to attend professional association meetings and technical workshops, and to receive training in program planning and evaluation.  All
    • Provide opportunities for WSG-supported researchers and WSG staff to discuss on-going research and potential application to WSG outreach and education activities. All
    • Coordinate with other Pacific Coast Sea Grant programs to develop staff training and networking activities. Granger
    • Periodically assess strategies and tools used to communicate with target audiences. All
    • Initiate a “Washington Sea Grant Training Academy,” modeled after the National Sea Grant Academy, to formalize training in outreach and extension skills for newly hired and existing staff. Granger
    • Upgrade WSG’s database system and computer operations, ensuring that all staff knows how to use information technologies effectively. Communications, Administration
    • Work with staff to identify media opportunities and prepare for interviews, and develop a WSG style manual for use by all staff to ensure consistency in written materials for the public. Communications 

GOAL 2:  Develop a scientifically literate and environmentally informed citizenry in order to encourage stewardship of Washington's marine and coastal resources.

Objectives

  1. Assist the news media and stakeholder groups in obtaining reliable and unbiased science-based information.
  2. Develop educational programs that lead to Washington's citizens' and tribal members' awareness, understanding and action in marine and coastal environmental, economic and social issues.
  3. Work with public agencies, tribes and community groups to disseminate information on critical needs of stressed marine populations, including those listed under the Endangered Species Act.

Research Actions

  1. Lummi perspectives - marine resource management and protected areas
    Christie, E/ES-12 (See “Education,” Goal 1)

Outreach Actions

  1. Build and train a 10,000-member volunteer network to serve as stewards and educators in communities throughout Puget Sound. MAS
    • Establish a diverse team of scientific experts on critical Puget Sound issues to support the network and engage and educate communities. MAS
    • Develop an effective system for university faculty and students to translate science into usable information for delivery to the public. MAS, Communications
    • Coordinate community-based education efforts and engage teachers and students of all ages in critical thinking and practices that change behavior. Education, MAS
    • Monitor and evaluate the program’s positive effect on public behavior. Administration
  2. Strengthening marine education at middle and high school levels
    • Continue to support and publicize NOAA Science Camp, assessing and adjusting the WSG role. Education, Communications
    • Survey NOAA staff and volunteers for NOAA Science Camp to determine viable options for continuing or broadening the camp in scope, duration and size, as well as the subsequent formation of a Science Camp Committee. Education
    • Create scholarships and transportation assistance for underrepresented groups, to attract more diverse participation in NOAA Science Camp and other programs.  Education
    • Continue annual financial and graphic design support of Washington State Ocean Sciences Orca Bowl, the regional competition for the National Ocean Sciences Bowl. Education, Communications
    • Partner with others in UW College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences to provide extracurricular learning opportunities, such as field trips, federal and university tours and service learning projects in restoration or ecology, that align with the mission of Orca Bowl. Education, MAS
  3. Supporting informal marine education
    • Research, write and produce features on WSG science for the quarterly newsletter Sea Star. Communications
    • Provide special school enrichment programs, field trips and 4-H projects on marine-related topics. MAS
    • Have marine resource curricula and other materials available for loan to educators. Education, MAS
    • Coordinate large-scale educational activities such as Kitsap County’s annual Water Festival and Kids’ Day at OysterFest in Shelton. King, Adams
    • Serve as education director for the Cranberry Lake Education and Research Center. King
    • Continue to support Beachwatchers intertidal education programs in Whatcom and Island counties. Whatcom MAS staff

GOAL 3:  Promote high-quality, interdisciplinary marine education

Objectives

  1. Develop new approaches to marine education by involving experts in a range of academic disciplines.
  2. Build on existing inter-agency partnerships among state, county and local governments and communities that focus on marine educational activities.
  3. Support innovative and emerging educational programs at community college and university levels. 

Research Actions

  1. New models for solving future policy and management challenges
    The proposal develops a new pedagogical approach within the University of Washington’s School of Marine Affairs, seeking graduate students who will develop case study Masters theses that apply integrative approaches to address important policy and management questions for the local region. The project will generate a new model of analysis that is broadly applicable to difficult-to-resolve issues in ocean governance, as well as a publishable case book to encourage similar preparation of policy graduates at other academic programs. Leschine, E/MS-9

Outreach Actions

  1. Involving experts in education planning
    • Establish a WSG marine education advisory committee. Education
    • Hold a strategic planning workshop or symposium that draws individuals from university, private and government sources to help define future directions and scope of WSG marine education. Education
  2. Building on existing partnerships
    • Identify and explore the potential for collaboration or partnerships with current education programs at UW, WSG, other Sea Grant institutions and local entities that maintain programs, by consulting with existing organizations, users (such as teachers), and other stakeholders. Education, Communications, MAS
    • Play an active role in the recently established Pacific Northwest Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE) by attending meetings, maintaining strong relationships with COSEE partners (UW College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences, Seattle Aquarium, UW College of Education, and California Maritime Academy) and contributing education outreach expertise. Education
    • Participate in local education initiatives, such as “E-3 Washington – Education, Environment, Economy,” coordinated by the Environmental Education Association of Washington, with public and private state-wide partners. Education, MAS
    • Contribute to the NOAA West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health (OHH) by attending meetings, fostering information exchange among stakeholders and managing OHH traineeships, if established. Education
  3. Using partnerships to serve underrepresented youth
    • Explore peer-to-peer education opportunities by bringing together established marine education programs and service learning opportunities designed to meet the needs of underrepresented groups. For example, the Environmental Portal is a program designed to connect service-learning opportunities in the Seattle area with Seattle School District educators and their students. Education
    • Engage non-traditional audiences in marine education-focused public outreach programming, including the Hutch School for long-term cancer patients and families, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and First Place, a service agency providing education and support services to homeless families. Education
  4. Supporting and strengthening higher education innovation
    • Work with the competitively funded education project, “New Models for Solving Future Policy and Management Challenges,” to edit and prepare a casebook manuscript for publication. Communications
    • Continue support for UW’s Bevans Series on Sustainable Fisheries and the Young Investigators in Aquatic and Fishery Sciences seminars. Administration
    • Work with UW programs such as the College of Education and School of Public Health and Community Medicine to maintain and develop appropriate partnerships on marine environmental issues. Education
    • Explore the potential for programmatic or financial partnerships with selected colleges and universities, such as the Ocean Research College Academy at Everett Community College, which is a “Running Start” program for high school students. Education
    • Initiate a “Women in Marine Sciences” seminar series or receptions to be held at regional community colleges such as Seattle Central Community College and Bellevue Community College. Education
    • Strengthen relationships with Washington State University, Seattle University, Western Washington University, University of Puget Sound and other Washington colleges and universities with undergraduate marine or environmental science programs, to encourage students to take an interest in marine science, policy and education careers. Education
    • Encourage undergraduate and graduate students’ involvement in the Northwest Association of Marine Educators and National Marine Educators Association programs and events to expose them to leaders in the marine education field. Education

Evaluation Process

In evaluating the success of an existing activity, we look for positive impacts in one or more of three outcome areas: Behavioral Change, Economic Benefit and Scholarly Pursuit.  Decision Pyramids for each of these areas were developed by the WSG strategic planning team to assist in evaluating these impacts (shown on the WSG Web site and on page 24 of the WSG Strategic Plan).  Any WSG-funded activity must show progress toward a higher level of impact on at least one of these pyramids.  Progress in more than one pyramid is preferred.

The length of time that an activity occupies a level of any pyramid will vary, depending on the nature of the activity, the degree that the external environment accepts and encourages the activity, and the amount of funding and staff time directed towards the activity.  Some activities may rise quickly, as the immediacy of the problem soars, new technologies and paradigms accelerate progress, or additional funding becomes available.

Activities that are primarily research-oriented are expected to make progress in the Scholarly Pursuit outcome area but are strongly encouraged to move forward in the other areas through involvement in or cooperation with outreach activities.  Similarly, activities that center on outreach efforts are expected to make progress in Behavioral Change among constituents, but will often contribute to Economic Impact and Scholarly Pursuit. 

Evaluations are carried out at every level of the program.  Evaluation and assessment methods for individual outreach actions range from standard extension measures (such as constituent contact hours) to surveys and evaluation forms that are completed by conference participants. The basis for evaluation of research and education projects is in the form of information provided in annual reports and is enhanced by the very structured review procedure to which competitive research projects are subject. 

At the program level, WSG staff documents quantitative and qualitative measures of program success, or metrics, to determine progress made over time.  Those metrics include levels of support for researchers and their students, publications and presentations, economic and environmental outcomes of projects and connections with users.

The WSG Advisory Committee plays a central role in the evaluation process.  In addition, key stakeholders are surveyed regularly to determine their needs and assess the success WSG has had in meeting those needs over time.  The responses from constituents are as varied as the activities undertaken by the organization, reflective of each respondent’s discipline or occupation. Stakeholders say they interact primarily by participating in WSG-sponsored events, reading our publications and receiving research funding through WSG.

Integration and Interaction with Other Programs

WSG activities interact and are integrated with numerous other programs. We work with other Sea Grant programs on an ongoing basis through cooperative research and outreach programs.  In addition, WSG is active in state, local and regional programs that fit with our mandate, including cooperation with federal agencies, particularly NOAA Fisheries, NOAA Oceanic and Atmospheric Research labs, NOAA National Ocean Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Environmental Protection Agency; state and local agencies in Washington and the Pacific Northwest; tribal governments and the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission; the Northwest Straits Commission; and cooperators in British Columbia, Canada. Based on data collected for the 2005 Annual Report (Appendix C, List of Partnerships), WSG worked six other Sea Grant programs; 37 federal agencies, 17 tribes and tribal commissions, 125 state and local governments (including ports), 84 schools and university divisions, 95 non-governmental organizations, 28 international groups and 140 businesses.

Implementation Plan, continued: